Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Satellite Office Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Satellite Office Team - Essay Example On a different perspective, a team is collection of people having a common goal (Salaman, 2000; p. 99). From this perspective, it therefore follows that in teams individuals recognize that in order to attain personal success there is need for collaborative success. In teams, individuals are interdependent and significantly contribute their individual skills that culminate into end success celebrated as a team’s victory and not individual’s victory. The following is a report showing how as the manger of a Satellite Office Team will both organize and lead the staff. Satellite Office Team is a group of individuals, comprising of newly employed persons charged with responsibility of providing cost-control services to a client for a construction project (Mullins & Christy, 2010; p. 209). This Satellite Office Team comprises of eight full-time members, one being the manager, others are Quantity Surveyors, secretariats, and administrative supports. One striking feature with th is new team is that all staff except the manager are new appointments meaning that they have either never worked together as a team or have no idea of what it means to working as a team (Rollinson, 2004; p. 99). This report therefore is a proposal on various steps, directions, and activities applicable in order to enhance team performance. Organising and Leading the Satellite Office Team Notably, the Satellite Office Team requires a vibrant and cohesive manager with capabilities of enhancing team’s cohesiveness and performance. In order to achieve this, such a manager should embark on two major aspects of enhancing team cohesiveness and performance; working environment, and organisational. Leading and organising Satellite Office Team will require effective leadership and management and HR policies and procedures on the side of organisational and nature of tasks, physical setting, and communications on the other side of working environment amongst others (Capon, 2003). The fol lowing discussion describes how each of the aspects of organising and leading a team is applicable by the manager. Leadership and Management Mullins and Christy (2010; p. 373) define leadership as a mutual relationship that exist between a group of persons where one person influences the behaviour, actions, and performance of the other members of a group. In this case, the first concept that the manager should look into in a bid to promoting the actions of the Satellite Office Team is providing leadership (Mullins, 2006). It is true that within contemporary environment the nature of work is changing from the classical emphasis on enhancing performance through close control to a newer environment that looks at accomplishment of tasks through coaching, supporting, and empowering workers (Mullins & Christy, 2010; p. 373). Consequently, leadership role is changing concerning leading and organizing different teams in order to accomplish responsibilities bestowed against such a team. Atta ining set objectives and aims within a team is very essential not only to the team members but also to the leader. There is no doubt that a team is a mirror image of a leader upon which he or she will use to assess his or her capabilities regarding giving effective direction. In any case, group successes and failures are attributable to qualities and

Monday, October 28, 2019

C ivil rights movements Essay Example for Free

C ivil rights movements Essay This is a two-page, APA formatted paper that summarizes the purpose of Leonard Crow Dogs, the purpose of the Ghost Dance and how the U. S. government works to undermine Native American communities. It is based on a true story and is in relation to the novel â€Å"Lakota Woman† by Mary Crow Dogs. The story speaks about the hardship of Mary and the Lakota Indians. Leonard Crow Dog was a very important character in the novel, â€Å"Lakota Woman. † He was Mary’s husband and also a spiritual leader as well as a political leader of the American Indian Movement of 1960s and 70s. His purpose was to help build Mary’s self-esteem. Through Leonard’s support, Mary was able to rebuild her self esteem by performing speeches and by supporting the American Indian Movement. Leonard gave her a way to do her own spiritual rituals which she believed helped strengthen her. Because of Leonard’s leadership participation in the AIM Movement, his son was raised freely in the traditional way of his Indian culture. Leonard was also the one who restarted the Ghost Dance even thought it was previously forbidden. Due to the oppression from the Whites, Indians started a spiritual dance which they believed would deliver them from the oppression of the white men. They called it the Ghost Dance. The Ghost Dance was a way to relieve the American Native Indians from their extreme poverty, suffering and from the other hardships they encountered. They believed that the Ghost Dance would bring a messiah to them that would soon return the lands to the Indians, resurrect their dead ancestors, and restore their former ways of life (Richard P. Muniz 2006). White people feared the Ghost dance traditions believing that the dance was not proper and that the Indians would practice witchcraft on them. Therefore, the Ghost Dance was outlawed. The U. S. Government undermined the Indian communities through reservations. Indians were required to live a segregated life. They were treated as second class citizens and to make them â€Å"perfect† for the American’s way of life, the government forced their beliefs onto them. The government greatly attacked the Native American community way of life through sending the Native American children to an institution to break their ways of beliefs with the intention of molding them into a â€Å"respectful† American citizen of the white class. Using these schools were a great means to fix the Indian’s way of life. The government really believed that the schools were civilizing the Indian children and offering them a great opportunity for them to evolve into the white culture and Christianity. These schools were supposed to help them to become â€Å"first class† citizens instead of â€Å"second class. † However, the government did not understand that this was not the proper way or means to help the Indian children or Indian people at all. They were already oppressed by Indian Reservations and then placed into a school system to strip them of their cultural beliefs and then forced to accept customs that were not known to their forefathers. Mary describes the government as civilizing them with their stick or another way to say this is with discipline. Mary states that, â€Å"children were like the victims of Nazi concentration camps† (pg. 28). The Indian Sun Dance which is another common tradition of the Indian culture and their community was outlawed by the government as well as the Ghost Dance. The Government forced many Indians into slum housing after taking their tribal lands. These slum homes had no electricity, plumbing, or technology. Most of them would have to live in the dark and in small cabins. Their way of living was very limited unlike the White Americans who had electricity and plumbing. They were unable to find employment due to racial restrictions from white people which resulted in high unemployment for the Indian culture. Many Indians were killed due to being accused for murderers they didn’t commit. Mary mentions in the story that many Indian family members were killed. In addition, many Indian families were punished by the government for having civil rights movements with attempts to help their community to become strong. Mary’s husband was also one of the unfortunate one’s who was thrown in jail many times for his radical civil rights movements. References Dog, M. C. (1990). Lakota Woman. New York: New York.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

War :: essays papers

war Day after day on the news we see what the damage that violence has caused. Lots of people in this world think that it would be a better place with out violence, but that most assuredly will not happen. Most violence is horrible and unruly and quite unnecessary, however there are types of violence, which, for lack of a better word, needed. For this I mean Wars, self-defense and entertainment, which are completely necessary and have shaped history. Wars are how people defend themselves on a larger more powerful scale the use national power instead of individual to defend their way of life. Wars are the absolute source of violence nowhere else does it get more violent now that we have the use of the atom and smart weapons. Wars have divided countries and made friends were before they were none. Thousands upon thousands of people English and American alike died in the bloodiest war on American soil. This war conveyed violence at its best and as a result won America the independence we have so long been accustomed to. There is no way to try and call this revolutionary act needless or unwanted. No one that is alive today can remember anything about the American Revolution, except of what they read in books and so forth. Many books on the American Revolution give facts in great detail and depth, but they do not convey the brutality and the harshness that accord there. A far cry from the Revolutionary War is the Entertainment Business, particularly wrestling and Action movies. Television stations are littered with advertisements for the up coming wrestling events and new hit action suspense movies, both of which show little blurbs of people getting body slammed or blown up or even killed depending on the source but there is one thing they share, they all use violence in there advertisements. People today like seeing this type of thing, they pay top dollar to go to see their favorite wrestler and or movie star perform. At any wrestling venue you can see thousands of people waving and yelling at people they like and dislike, for them it is a release of emotions and a good time for all. People need shows and things of this nature to help people relax and let loose some of there pent up anger and aggression, plus it feels good to.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Injustice: Black People and Martin Luther King Essay

In a â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Martin Luther King, Jr. said â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† This means that if we let injustice happen, then this injustice will grow and start to affect good people. We cannot afford to ignore something bad happening in one place. If injustice occurs and no action is taken against this injustice, then people who hear about what happened might think this injustice is acceptable, and continue being unfair. In â€Å"Justice & Injustice† Eloy Ponce says, â€Å"if we allow injustices to be committed against other people, those injustices too, could soon be committed against us.† Ponce’s idea interested me because it is also a true statement. If we let injustice happen, the injustice will be committed against us. When there was segregation, most white people didn’t do anything to help the African Americans. White people let segregation happen whether they agreed or disagreed with the kind of treatment the black people received because whites were not affected directly. Due to this, these days, some black people accuse white people of being racist. There were some white people that did stand up for the rights of blacks, and a few even died for this belief. They were people that truly understood the meaning of justice, and knew that if nothing was done, the injustice being committed would threaten justice everywhere. Justice and injustice are often in a battle of which is stronger. Acts of injustice spread easily, overcoming the ideals of justice. When a crowd acts, it is very difficult for people to standup against the crowd. It is easier for everyone to say they agree, even though they truly disagree. Only the brave few are willing to accept the consequences of standing up for what they believe in. I think this is what Martin Luther King, Jr. meant when he said â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† It is a person’s moral responsibility to uphold just ideas.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Macbeth †Closing Address to the Jury, Prosecution. Essay

Good morrow esteemed lords and ladies of the court, it is within my regrets to tell you that our â€Å"noble† thane (of both Glamis and Cawdor) and King Macbeth has murdered our fair (late) King Duncan for his own traitorous and greedy purposes. Macbeth has betrayed his country and committed regicide, the highest form of sacrilege. The prosecution has found Macbeth guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, with several accounts of murder, manslaughter, attempted murder, one account of regicide and conspiring to murder. (accessory to murder) 😛 Macbeth is a murderous heathen, whom sought to heighten himself to the rank of King by betraying the country (already stated this), his King and god. An earlier witness; one of Macbeth’s â€Å"Loyal† servants, (the gentle woman) stated that he had heard Macbeth whispering â€Å"I go, and it is done. The bell invites me. Hear it not, Duncan, for it is a knell that summons thee to heaven or to hell.† Obviously scared of Macbeth’s murderous mind, the servant stayed quiet until now. There were more witnesses as of yesterday, as a cutthroat hired by Macbeth told the jury of the atrocities he had performed, before being dragged off to be executed. To quote; the murderer said â€Å"Macbeth threatened me with a certain death if I were to betray him. That was just a shimmer of the murderer within him.† The prosecution would also like to point out that straight after Duncan’s body was found, Macbeth killed the two intoxicated guards, blaming these poor innocent men for the murder, and also dispatching of two possible witnesses. Macbeth did also state â€Å"O, yet I do repent me of my fury, that I did kill them.† In stating â€Å"them†, Macbeth could have been referring to both the murdered slaves and our fair King Duncan. Macbeth also insinuated that the drunken guards murdered Duncan in his sleep, but if you look and think, and I am sure you are all intelligent Lords and Ladies, a drunken guard cannot harm more than a fly (people who are drunk are more likely to become very aggressive), as they would not be able to stand. In an earlier testimony, we called upon Lady Macbeth, who, when confronted with the evidence and questioning, cracked under pressure and confessed her hand in murdering Duncan. Lady Macbeth acknowledged Macbeth and herself plotting to murder Duncan, Banquo, and MacDuff’s wife and children. Macbeth also attempted to murder Fleance and MacDuff. A servant came forth and stated that Lady Macbeth had whispered to Macbeth â€Å"Infirm of purpose! Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead, are but as pictures. ‘Tis the eye of childhood, that fears a painted devil. If he do bleed, I’ll gild the faces of the grooms withal, For it must seem their guilt.† Lady Macbeth obviously did not know she was whispering loud enough for the Servant to hear. Unfortunately, Lady Macbeth has passed away now, taking her life before more answers arose. The defence earlier tried to state Macbeth was acting under the influence of three evil witches. They stated that the witches had told him â€Å"All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!† According to the defence, this justifies treason, heresy, murder and plotting against the crown. The court was lucky (luck is not a part of their nature) enough to get one of the Witches (Weird Sisters and they don’t listen to petty human demands and/or requests) in the room, whom stated that â€Å"Macbeth sought to murder King Duncan on his own accord; we witches merely stated he would be King.† The Witch denied fuelling Macbeth’s murderous tendencies. MacDuff, slayer of the late Macbeth, retold the account of his family’s murder, which was issued by Macbeth. He stated to the court that his wife and son were in the midst of talking when a murderer ( he wasn’t there when they were murdered he had heard news of it but never witnessed it ), sent by Macbeth shook the residence by declaring that he was a traitor. He stated that his son, a brave young lad, meant to protect his father’s name. His honourable son screeched at the Murderer, â€Å"Thou liest, thou shag-eared villain!† This was followed by a fatal stab to his son, in which Lady MacDuff ran, shouting murder. The villainous murderer sought after Lady MacDuff, who could not outrun the murderous lunatic. MacDuff was severely shaken during this testimony, for reasons obvious to the court. He also recounted the end of Macbeth, in affirming â€Å"I held his head†¦ I held the head  of the treacherous king. I had to do it; he slaughtered my family, my life! I regret to say I enjoyed it, enjoyed taking back what he took from me.† If this does not prove the guilt of Macbeth, I do not know what does. As the court can see, the mind inside of Macbeth was a sickening one, as he ordered the slaughter of innocent people, to secure his position as King. In all these dishonourable acts, I believe it is in the interest of the court to say that Macbeth is guilty of multiple accounts of treason, murder, attempted murder, manslaughter, regicide and heresy. I thank you, esteemed lords and ladies, for your time in this period of turmoil. May King Duncan rest in peace, and the wicked Macbeth burn for his crimes.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Feminism in Antigone and Medea Essay Example

Feminism in Antigone and Medea Essay Example Feminism in Antigone and Medea Paper Feminism in Antigone and Medea Paper Essay Topic: Antigone Medea Feminism has always been an intense and debated subject. Many renowned authors have written works in favour of it. Two of them were Euripides and Anouilh, who depicted two strong women, Antigone and Medea. In spite of living in fifth century Greece where women had little or no rights at all, they defied men in power. By doing this they proved womens equality to men. In this respect they were both feminists. Both plays show feministic traits and at the same time show anti-feministic ones. In this essay I will investigate these traits. The main theme in Medea is feminism. Through the character of Medea, Euripides promotes his ideas on feminism to the traditional Greek society. Medea is a strong willed woman. She will do anything to get her will and no man can stop her. When she still loved Jason she went as far as killing her own kin for him. When Jason later wants to get rid of her and Creon wants to expel her from the country, she does not let them treat her as a helpless puppy and defeat her. To avenge herself on Jason for betraying her after all she has done for him, and Creon for giving his daughters hand in marriage to Jason and wanting to expel Medea, she kills not only Creon and his daughter but also her own two sons, just to make Jason suffer even more. She is constantly dominating her situation, using her cleverness and getting exactly what she wants. One example of this is when she says to Creon: Allow me to remain here just for this one day, so I may consider where to live in my exile. : Thus she persuades him, by playing on his emotions and weaknesses, to let her stay in the country long enough to carry out her plans, although Creon hates her and wants her out of the country as soon as possible. Or when she makes Aegeus swear that he will give her exile. Another example of this is when she makes Jason believe she has no objections to his marriage with Creusa, in order to make Jason let her sons enter the palace to give the bride her present. Jason however is shown to hold almost no power at all throughout the play and cannot do anything to stop Medea from ruining his life and escaping unpunished. In many ways Medea is masculine. She is fearless in opposing powerful men like Creon and her father. She expresses that she wishes to be treated like a man when she says: I would very much rather stand three times in front of a battle than bear one child. This is also the case when she says Or sharpen a sword and thrust it to the heart She is brutal and cold-hearted. It is not usual of a woman to kill her own brother and children. The chorus in Medea represents the women of the society. The chorus expresses Euripides feministic views. They support her and sympathize with her. They even encourage her to avenge Jasons infidelity by saying she has the right to do it and continually condemning men who are unfaithful to their women. Although Medea has all these pro-feministic traits, there are characteristics of hers that are not so much in the favour of feminism. Western cultural tradition has helped assure male rule by constantly associating men with reason, objectivity, logic and the like, while women are linked to the body, matter, evil, emotions, an absence of logic and reason and the like. Medeas behaviour is based on emotions, which is one of the characteristics chauvinists associate women with. Her actions are the result of her strong emotions. She is a passionate person who follows her heart no matter the consequences. When she betrays her father and kills her brother she is blinded by her love for Jason. Later when she is full of fury and rage as a result of Jasons disloyalty she thinks of nothing but revenge. In her outrage she kills among others, two innocent children. She shows traces of evil in her lack of sympathy for others and her selfishness. She is not rational. She does not reflect wisely on her actions and acts impulsively. Having these qualities she does not make a good feministic role model. Anouilh did not write Antigone for feministic purposes as Euripides did. Still it is appreciated by many as a contribution to feminism. This is due to Antigones strong character. Feminism was a more familiar concept in Anouilhs time i. e. the twentieth century. Many a person has characterised Antigone as a true feminist. One reason for this is that she does not accept the boundaries the patriarchal society has set for her as a woman. She will not get married just to get some children and be the maid of the house. She expresses her opinions, even if they are contrary to that of the king, a man. When Creon makes a law that contradicts the divine law that states for all persons to be buried properly, she will not remain silent. More importantly, Creons prohibition of Polynices burial is against all she values, believes in, and lives for, therefore she will go against it even if it means death. Even as a child Antigone was different from other little girls. She played with water and earth, gave all her money to beggars, ate out of every dish at once and ran in the wind so fast that she fell down. Since then they have tried to tame her. But now she can be herself for the first time. When trying to talk her out of burying her brother Ismene says: its all very well for men to believe in ideas and die for them. But you are a girl! In answer to that Antigone replies: Havent I spent my life cursing the fact that I was a girl? Ismene is the typical girl, who spends much time on her appearance, is obedient, keeps on reminding Antigone that she cannot do this and that because she is only a girl, and is afraid of what Creon might do to them. Antigone is the opposite of Ismene. She does not pay attention to her looks, is neither docile nor silent because she is a girl, and is not afraid of Creon; she is brave. When Creon tries to belittle her by saying: You amuse me. Antigone answers: Oh, no, I dont. I frighten you God! Is there anything uglier than a frightened man This shows that she does not fear him and says whatever she wants to him, and is his equal. But, there are also some of Antigones actions that a feminist would not approve of. For example, that she respects her brothers because they are men. When Creon says: And later on, when they came home, wearing evening clothes, smoking cigarettes, they would have nothing to do with you; and you thought they were wonderful. Antigone replies: They were boys and I was a girl. Antigone knows that her brothers were corrupt, but nevertheless she was in awe of them. Antigone tells Ismene that she has spent her entire life cursing the fact that she was a girl. A feminist would say that she should be proud of being a woman. While both women are strong and brave feminists, they are quite different. Antigone is more good-natured, intelligent, rational and humane. She does not hurt anyone but herself willingly, and rebels against Creon for a good cause (her brothers and her own honour) she is therefore a heroine. Medea on the other hand is driven by emotion, she is barbaric, brutal, merciless and cold-hearted, and she is irrational and does not think of the consequences of her acts. Medea murders four innocent people just to get revenge for personal reasons, and is therefore a villain. Therefore Antigone makes a better feministic play than Medea, even though Medea was written for feministic reasons and Antigone by Jean Anouilh was written for political reasons and not feministic ones.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Biography of Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban Revolutionary

Biography of Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban Revolutionary Camilo Cienfuegos (February 6, 1932–October 28, 1969) was a leading figure of the Cuban Revolution, along with Fidel Castro and Chà © Guevara. He defeated Batista forces at the Battle of Yaguajay in December 1958, and after the triumph of the Revolution in early 1959 he took on a position of authority in the Army. Cienfuegos is considered one of the greatest heroes of the Revolution and every year Cuba celebrates the anniversary of his death. Fast Facts: Camilo Cienfuegos Known For: Cienfuegos was a key guerilla leader in the Cuban Revolution.Also Known As: Camilo Cienfuegos GorriarnBorn: February 6, 1932 in Havana, CubaDied: October 28, 1959 (Presumed dead after his plane disappeared over the Straits of Florida)Education: Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes San AlejandroNotable Quote: Vas bien, Fidel  (Youre doing fine, Fidel)  (Uttered during a revolutionary rally in 1959 after Fidel Castro asked Cienfuegos how his speech was going) Early Life Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarn was born in Havana, Cuba, on February 6, 1932. As a young man, he was artistically inclined; he even attended art school but was forced to drop out when he could no longer afford it. Cienfuegos went to the United States for a time in the early 1950s in search of work but returned disillusioned. As a teenager, he became involved in protests of government policies, and as the situation in Cuba worsened, he became more and more involved in the struggle against president Fulgencio Batista. In 1955, he was shot in the leg by Batistas soldiers. According to Cienfuegos, that was the moment at which he decided he would strive to free Cuba from the Batista dictatorship. Revolution Cienfuegos moved to Mexico, where he met up with Fidel Castro, who was putting together an expedition to head back to Cuba and start a revolution. Camilo eagerly joined up and was one of 82 rebels packed into the 12-passenger yacht Granma, which left Mexico on November 25, 1956, and arrived in Cuba a week later. The Cuban Army discovered the rebels and killed most of them, but a small group of survivors was able to hide and later regroup. The 19 rebels spent several weeks in the Sierra Maestra mountains. Comandante Camilo As one of the survivors of the Granma group, Cienfuegos had a certain prestige with Fidel Castro that the others who joined the revolution later did not. By the middle of 1957, he had been promoted to comandante and had his own command. In 1958, the tide began to turn in favor of the rebels, and Cienfuegos was ordered to lead one of three columns to attack the city of Santa Clara (another was commanded by Chà © Guevara). One squad was ambushed and wiped out, but Guevara and Cienfuegos ultimately converged on Santa Clara. The Battle of Yaguajay Cienfuegoss force, joined by local farmers and peasants, reached the small army garrison at Yaguajay in December 1958 and besieged it. There were about 250 soldiers inside under the command of Cuban-Chinese captain Abon Ly. Cienfuegos attacked the garrison but was repeatedly driven back. He even tried putting together a makeshift tank out of a tractor and some iron plates, but the plan was not successful. Eventually, the garrison ran out of food and ammunition and surrendered on December 30. The next day, the revolutionaries captured Santa Clara. (Today, a museum in Cienfuegos honor- the Museo Nacional Camilo Cienfuegos- stands in Yaguajay.) After the Revolution The loss of Santa Clara and other cities convinced Batista to flee the country, bringing the revolution to a close. The handsome, affable Cienfuegos was very popular, and upon the success of the revolution was probably the third most powerful man in Cuba, after Fidel and Raà ºl Castro. He was promoted to head of the Cuban armed forces in early 1959. In this capacity, he assisted the new Castro regime as it made changes to the Cuban government. Arrest of Matos and Disappearance In October 1959, Fidel Castro began to suspect that Huber Matos, another one of the original revolutionaries, was plotting against him. He sent Cienfuegos to arrest Matos, as the two were good friends. According to later interviews with Matos, Cienfuegos was reluctant to carry out the arrest, but followed his orders and did so. Matos was sentenced and served 20 years in prison. On the night of October 28, Cienfuegos flew back from Camaguey to Havana after completing the arrest. His plane disappeared and no trace of Cienfuegos or the airplane was ever found. After a few frantic days of searching, the hunt was called off. Death Cienfuegos’s disappearance and presumed death have caused many to wonder if Fidel or Raà ºl Castro had him killed. There is some compelling evidence on both sides, and historians have not yet reached a conclusion. Given the circumstances of the case, it is possible that the truth will never be known. The case against: Cienfuegos was very loyal to Fidel, even arresting his good friend Huber Matos when the evidence against him was weak. He had never given the Castro brothers any cause to doubt his loyalty or competence. He had risked his life many times for the Revolution. Chà © Guevara, who was so close to Cienfuegos that he named his son after him, denied that the Castro brothers had anything to do with Cienfuegoss death. The case for: Cienfuegos was the only revolutionary figure whose popularity rivaled Fidel’s, and as such was one of a very few people who could go against him if he wished. Cienfuegos’s dedication to communism was suspect- for him, the Revolution was about removing Batista. Also, he had recently been replaced as head of the Cuban Army by Raà ºl Castro, a sign that perhaps they were planning to move on him. Legacy It will probably never be known for sure what happened to Cienfuegos. Today, the fighter is considered one of the great heroes of the Cuban Revolution. He has his own monument at the site of the Yaguajay battlefield, and every year on October 28 Cuban schoolchildren throw flowers into the ocean for him. Cienfuegos also appears on Cuban currency. Sources Brown, Jonathan C. Cubas Revolutionary World. Harvard University Press, 2017.Kapcia, Antoni. Leadership in the Cuban Revolution: the Unseen Story. Fernwood Publishing, 2014.Sweig, Julia. Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground. Harvard University Press, 2004.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Barracuda Facts

Barracuda Facts The barracuda (Sphyraenidae spp) is sometimes portrayed as an ocean menace, but does it deserve such a reputation? This common fish found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans as well as the Caribbean and Red seas, has threatening teeth and a habit of approaching swimmers, but its not the danger you might think. Fast Facts: Barracuda Scientific Name: SphyraenidaeCommon Name: BarracudaBasic Animal Group: FishSize: 20 inches to 6 feet or moreWeight: Up to 110 poundsLifespan: Varies by species; giant barracudas live up to 14 yearsSpeed: Up to 35 miles per hourDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, Caribbean and Red SeasPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: Not Evaluated Description Even if youre new to  fish identification, youll quickly learn to recognize the barracudas distinctive look. The fish has a long, slender body that is tapered at the ends and thicker in the middle. The head is somewhat flattened on top and pointed in front, and the lower jaw projects forward menacingly. Its two dorsal fins are far apart, and its pectoral fins are positioned low on the body. Most species are dark on top, with silver sides and a clear lateral line that extends from the head to the tail on each side. The barracudas caudal fin is slightly forked ​and curved on the trailing edge. Smaller barracuda species may max out at 20 inches in length, but the larger species can achieve a startling 6 feet or longer in size. Is there anything more unnerving than being approached by a fearless fish with a mouth full of razor-sharp teeth? Barracuda have big mouths, with long jaws and a characteristic under-bite. They also have a lot of teeth. In fact, barracuda have two rows of teeth: an outer row of small but sharp teeth for tearing flesh apart, and an inner row of long, dagger-like teeth to firmly grasp its prey. A few of the barracudas teeth point backward, as an extra aid for securing squirming fish. Smaller fish are mercifully swallowed whole, but larger fish are efficiently chopped to pieces in the hungry barracudas jaws. A barracuda can open its mouth wide enough to snatch just about any fish it encounters, from a tiny killifish to a chunky grouper. Image Source/Getty Images Species The name barracuda doesnt apply to one specific fish, but rather an entire family. The Sphyraenidae is the group of fish known collectively as barracuda. The species most people picture when thinking of a barracuda is probably the great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), a commonly encountered fish. But the worlds oceans are full of all kinds of barracuda, including the pickhandle barracuda, the sawtooth barracuda, and the sharpfin barracuda. Some species are named for the area where they are found, like the Guinean barracuda, the Mexican barracuda, the Japanese barracuda, and the European barracuda. Habitat and Range Most species of barracuda live in near-shore habitats, such as seagrass beds, mangroves, and coral reefs. Theyre primarily marine fish, although a few varieties can tolerate brackish water at times. Barracuda inhabit the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and are also commonly found in the Caribbean and Red seas. Diet Barracuda have a diverse diet, preferring small tunas, mullets, jacks, grunts, groupers, snappers, killifishes, herrings, and anchovies.  They hunt mainly by sight, scanning the water for signs of prey as they swim. Smaller fish are most visible when they reflect light and often look like shiny metal objects in the water. This, unfortunately, can lead to misunderstandings between barracuda and humans in the water. A swimmer or diver with anything reflective is likely to get an aggressive bump from a curious barracuda. The barracuda isnt interested in you, necessarily. It just wants to sample the object that looks like a shiny, silverfish. Still, its a bit unsettling to have a barracuda come barreling toward you, teeth first, so its best to remove anything reflective before getting in the water. Behavior A barracudas body is shaped like a torpedo and made for cutting through the water. This long, lean, and muscular fish is one of the fastest creatures in the sea, capable of swimming up to 35 mph. Barracuda swim almost as fast as the notoriously speedy mako sharks. Barracuda cant maintain top speed for long distances, however. The barracuda is a sprinter, capable of bursts of speed in pursuit of prey. They spend most of their time swimming slow enough to survey for food, and only accelerate when a meal is within reach; they often swim together in small or large schools. Reproduction and Offspring The timing and location of barracuda spawning are not as yet well-documented, but scientists surmise that mating takes place in deeper, offshore waters and probably in spring. Eggs are released by the female and fertilized by the male in open waters, and then are dispersed by currents.   Newly hatched barracuda larvae settle in shallow, vegetated estuaries, and leave the estuary when they have achieved a length of about 2 inches. They then stay in mangrove and seagrass habitats until they are about one year old.   Great barracuda have a lifespan of at least 14 years, and they typically reach sexual maturity at two years (male) and four years (female).   Fotosearch/Getty Images   Barracudas and Humans Because barracuda are fairly common and inhabit the same waters where people swim and dive, the chance of encountering a barracuda is quite high. But despite their proximity to people in the water, barracuda rarely attack or injure humans. Most bites occur when the barracuda mistakes a metallic object for a fish and attempts to snatch it. The barracuda isnt likely to continue biting once it realizes the object in question isnt food. Barracuda attacks are rare and almost never fatal. Those teeth will do some damage to an arm or leg, though, so victims usually require stitches. While smaller barracuda are generally safe to eat, larger barracuda can be ciguatoxic (poisonous to humans) because they consume larger fish with higher toxin loads. At the bottom of the food chain, toxic plankton known as Gambiendiscus toxicus attaches itself to algae on the coral reef. Small, herbivorous fish feed on the algae and consume the toxin, too. Larger, predatory fish prey on the small fish, and accumulate a higher concentration of the toxin in their bodies. Each successive predator accumulates more toxins. Ciguatera food poisoning is unlikely to kill you, but its not an experience youll enjoy. The biotoxins cause gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular symptoms that persist for weeks or months. Patients report hallucinations, severe muscle and joint pain, skin irritation, and even a reversal of hot and cold sensations. Unfortunately, theres no way to identify a ciguatoxin barracuda, and neither heat nor freezing can kill the fat-soluble toxins in a contaminated fish. Its best to avoid consuming large barracuda. Sources Family Sphyraenidae – Barracuda. Fishbase.org, 2012.Martin, R. Aidan. Record-Breakers: Hauling Bass. Biology of Sharks and Rays. ReefQuest Center for Shark Research, 2003.Bester, Cathleen. Sphyraena barracuda: Great Barracuda. Florida Museum, University of Florida.Lawley, Richard. Ciguatoxins. Food Safety Watch, January 30, 2013.Olander, Doug. The Perils of Ciguatera: Will your next fresh-caught fish dinner be a toxic time bomb? Sport Fishing Magazine, May 5, 2011.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Ian Strachan argues that tourism is a neo-colonial enterprise that Essay

Ian Strachan argues that tourism is a neo-colonial enterprise that marginalizes blacks. Write a research based ARGUMENT in favour of this assertion - Essay Example urism is considered to be the world’s largest industry and some regions are endowed with natural and manmade resources that are conducive to developing the economy based on these resources. But tourism or any other industry for that matter should not just be a money making endeavor for investors. It should benefit the stakeholders (including employees, the local population, and other ancillary industries) at all levels for sustenance and growth. The Caribbean islands are considered to be one of the prime tourist destinations in the world, primarily due to its natural resources. This paper is a review of the tourism industry with regard to the economic development of the local population in the region. It is based on an article by Ian Strachan, titled, ‘Paradise and Plantation’. The author is of the view that economic well being is skewed towards foreign investors at the cost of the economic development of the local population. Colonialism has caused many of its ne gative effects to continue in neo-colonial societies (after gaining independence and sovereignty). Research on this area tends to agree with what Strachan has stated from his research and studies. Ian Strachan provides a powerful argument against the exploitation or neglect of the local population in the tourism industry of the Caribbean Islands. Effective advertising about genuine tourist attractions can naturally attract people to travel to destinations of their liking. It is extremely practical or prudent for governments and other agencies to promote a place attractive to visitors. The author states that even though tourism is a big industry, it has developed, to a large extent, at the cost of the local population. In Strachan’s words, â€Å"however distant this imagined, heavily promoted, and staged Eden may be from everyday experience of the majority of the Caribbeans, it is a fantasy that the regions’ nations encourage their citizenry to maintain for the benefit of tourists† (Strachan,

Restraint reduction program for stroke patients Assignment

Restraint reduction program for stroke patients - Assignment Example in Amato, Salter, &Mion, 2006, p.237). In this paper, I shall put forward a prospective Quality Improvement program – a multi-component Restraint Reduction Program (RRP) for the stroke rehabilitation unit in our hospital as part of my effort to enhance patient outcomes over here. Emergency cardiac and stroke attacks have become the third major cause of hospitalization and death after cancer and heart disease in America. It has been reported that 8, 00, 000 Americans become the victim of stroke every year which calculates to an average of one American suffering from a stroke every 40 seconds. In fact, stroke accounts for 1, 40, 000 deaths every year and the reason behind other 1, 00, 000 deaths each year in this country. Stroke patients generally suffer a sudden loss of brain abilities such as loss of consciousness, change in behavior, disorientation, dizziness, trouble in moving hands, arms, and legs, difficulty in talking, understanding, or, severe headache. Stroke patients i n acute care settings generally have a high risk of falling or agitated behavior which needs to be handled appropriately. The stroke treatment procedures necessitate every health care provider to identify potential stroke patients and have specialized knowledge, practical experience and the required tools for treating them efficiently. Moreover, it has become urgent for every health care center and acute rehabilitation unit taking care of stroke patients to be equipped with the essential services, techniques and workforce for providing the best treatment (Katz, n.d). For the purpose of enhancing the treatment, I would like to introduce a QI program – a multi-component Restraint Reduction Program in one of our acute rehabilitation unit, the stroke unit. Physical restraints have been constantly used by nurses in acute stroke care settings to avoid falls, to control agitation and to handle impulsive behavior. Although physical restraints have been found to be beneficial, their a dverse effect which may even include death of the patient is a matter of concern. According to various studies, restraint reduction programs have been successful in decreasing restraint use along with maintaining patient safety of stroke patients in both acute care and long term settings (Amato, Salter, &Mion, 2006, p.235). The basis of this QI program, RRP, will be the implementation of a multi-component intervention strategy which could greatly reduce the use of physical restraints and decrease fall rates through a secure and successful approach in the stroke rehabilitation units. The primary aim of the RRP will be to lower restraint use by 25% and to sustain fall rates lesser than 10% above the baseline. The interventions in the RRP were adopted from successfully employed restraint programs in different acute care settings. For the purpose of execution, a planning committee will be formed which will include clinical nurse specialists, unit nurse managers, nurse patient-care coord inators, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and the staff nurses. To achieve the set target, this plan will be primarily including four main arenas – administrative support, education, consultation and feedback (Amato, Salter, &Mion, 2006, p.236-237). Administration Before the execution of the program, it is

Friday, October 18, 2019

The Adolescent Development Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Adolescent Development - Article Example It is said that 1 out of every 5 students enrolled in the public education system of the United States came from an immigrant family. This number is believed to be ever-increasing so much so that it is projected that by 2020 the ratio will be 1 out of 3. The subject of immigration comes along with a number of other debates that is indispensable when discussing the subject. The issue, no matter the stance is a different discussion altogether. Immigration is considered as the secondary reason for a nation’s increase in the population other than natural means. But the question on the other hand of the diversity in the development of adolescents belonging to this background is a concern that is not tackled as explicitly. The importance of understanding how they adapt and develop base on their varied personal history creates a necessity for the study thereof. How do the people around them respond to the different needs they require? In the same way that the query of how do these adolescents interact and differ from those who are around them, both in the question of their relations with peers and others, vary? Studies such as ‘Beyond the Family: Contexts of Immigrant Children's Development, New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development’ edited by Hirokazu Yoshikawa. Charles A. Ellwood’s ‘Sociology and Modern Social Problems’ will also be valuable in assessing the inherent sociological diversity at play in an adolescent’s life. Studies on adolescent development and immigration issues that go along with it available on www.cciserver.ums.maine.edu may also prove to be contributory for this research. â€Å"Do Undocumented Students Play by the Rules?† a journal article by Julian Jefferies will also be at hand as it contains information regarding the educational process of immigrant adolescents. Other related literature will also be reviewed for this study.  

Revenue Function Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Revenue Function - Assignment Example It is almost impossible to obtain accurate and reliable financial figures for the intangible services being provided (Cleverly,Song , &Cleverly,2011). According to Brown (2012) in Encyclopedia for Business ,the external revenue generation of not-for profit organizations adds to the complexity. These organizations rely on funds from other external sources, which is a challenge itself since there is no incentive for the contributors. The role of the largest client of healthcare organizations, that is government, makes the whole process even more complex due to the complex payment system. For the successful running of HCO understanding of policies, rules and procedures is of utmost importance(Cleverly,Song , &Cleverly,2011). The integral part of economy of any country is composed of Non-profit organizations because of its valuable services. Unaffordable services are made available and approachable through these organizations. This increases the pressure on such organizations to fill the discrepancies which result in the complexity of the revenue functions. Just like profit organizations such not for profit organizations are also a business and the requirements for revenues has to be met for effective functioning of the organization. Cleverly, W. O., & Song, P. H. & Clevrly,J.O. (2011).Financial Envoirenment of Healthcare Organizations.Essentials Of Healthcare Finance(7th Ed.). Retrieved from

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Is Facebook Marketing Effective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Is Facebook Marketing Effective - Research Paper Example The methodology that I have opted for this research is qualitative methodology, as I will involve the available literature for answering the question of my research that is â€Å"Is Facebook marketing effective?†. Qualitative methodology involves literature review in which, the reviewer can make use of available information to analyze his topic and find answers to questions raised in a study. Literature review is quite beneficial as the student gets a chance to collect useful information pertaining a topic of his own interest and can reuse this information for finding solution to the problems in his study. For this study, literature review is much more suitable. Internet is an attractive medium for different kinds of businesses operative in today’s world. A rapid increase can be seen in e-commerce and internet marketing activities all over the globe. People of all ages show interest in the usage of this network as they can connect with the whole world. Social networking websites can be categorised as the most likable platform for all the users of internet. Among many other social networking websites, Facebook is one. Businesses and e-businesses all over the world give significance to Facebook as a social networking site suitable for advertising purposes. A large number of internet users make use of Facebook for their routine communication with their mates and the interest of businesses and e-businesses in Facebook point towards the fact that market is aware of the importance of Facebook to reach its customers. Marketing or advertising on Facebook is quite essential in today’s scenario when the businesses can find a large number of potential customers there (Arntz, 2009). While using Facebook, we can notice a number of advertisements on the site, which advertise different categories of services and products. We can find banner ads, side bar ads, separate advertising pages, Facebook profiles of companies and so on and all these category of ma rketing comes under the category of eMarketing. According to Liptak (2009), these ads usually take the users of Facebook on their clicking the ad to the descriptive page of the advertisement showing contact description and other important data about the advertised product or service. Not only the ads take the users to the internal pages of Facebook but to other websites keeping descriptive information about company, products and services. E-commerce websites, content based websites and other websites delivering information display various banner ads and side bar ads for the promotion of products and services of companies whether they are online firms or offline firms as these are the most common categories of internet advertising. According to Ducoffe (1996), e-commerce websites can be described as websites that can be seen on internet for international customers, they are designed for broad range of customers and people can access them for the provision of services and products. Th e e-commerce websites provide the ordered or purchased products and services at the homes of consumers. Therefore, it can be said that for e-commerce websites, which are themselves based on internet processing, can make use of internet advertisements for their business promotion. Ducoffe (1996) explains that e-commerce websites have eased the process of shopping. These websites not only bring to light their marketing campaigns on their own websites but also on other websites. Content-based websites also display various categories of internet ads in the form of banner ads and side bar ads. These websites are designed for information deliverance purposes and are able to

Improving Education with IT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Improving Education with IT - Research Paper Example d to have a significant impact on the world of education and literacy and carries promising prospects for improving the status of education in the modern world through the gamut of facilities it offers to mankind. Before the coming of the internet, the education curriculum was kept restricted to the subjects and topics in which either the teachers enjoyed expertise or for which the institute’s library provided resources. But today, with the advent of the World Wide Web, the horizons of education have spread manifold. The students no longer have to confine their learning to the resources supplied by the library or remain dependent on the teachers’ lectures. They can choose their own subject of interest and gain endless knowledge and information on the same with just one click. Online courses have become increasingly popular nowadays, wherein the students get an access to customised curriculum, at any time and from any place of their choice. This is especially useful for the students who stay at remote places devoid of proper educational institutes and channels. Traditionally the students would blindly follow and memorise theories, models and formulae dictated by the books and teachers, at times without even understanding them. But now, with the help of IT tools like spread sheets and concept maps, they can not only understand concepts better, but also cross-check and verify them if needed. Education is the most important armour that equips a person to face the series of challenges posed by life and to successfully conquer the hardships that one comes across during the journey of life. It is that ingredient of our life that remains constantly with us throughout our life and helps us to steer through the odds of life. It is not just a part of one’s academic or professional life, but also an equally vital component of one’s personal and social life. Education shapes up the way in which we perceive the society and interpret the world. Hence the advancements and

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Is Facebook Marketing Effective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Is Facebook Marketing Effective - Research Paper Example The methodology that I have opted for this research is qualitative methodology, as I will involve the available literature for answering the question of my research that is â€Å"Is Facebook marketing effective?†. Qualitative methodology involves literature review in which, the reviewer can make use of available information to analyze his topic and find answers to questions raised in a study. Literature review is quite beneficial as the student gets a chance to collect useful information pertaining a topic of his own interest and can reuse this information for finding solution to the problems in his study. For this study, literature review is much more suitable. Internet is an attractive medium for different kinds of businesses operative in today’s world. A rapid increase can be seen in e-commerce and internet marketing activities all over the globe. People of all ages show interest in the usage of this network as they can connect with the whole world. Social networking websites can be categorised as the most likable platform for all the users of internet. Among many other social networking websites, Facebook is one. Businesses and e-businesses all over the world give significance to Facebook as a social networking site suitable for advertising purposes. A large number of internet users make use of Facebook for their routine communication with their mates and the interest of businesses and e-businesses in Facebook point towards the fact that market is aware of the importance of Facebook to reach its customers. Marketing or advertising on Facebook is quite essential in today’s scenario when the businesses can find a large number of potential customers there (Arntz, 2009). While using Facebook, we can notice a number of advertisements on the site, which advertise different categories of services and products. We can find banner ads, side bar ads, separate advertising pages, Facebook profiles of companies and so on and all these category of ma rketing comes under the category of eMarketing. According to Liptak (2009), these ads usually take the users of Facebook on their clicking the ad to the descriptive page of the advertisement showing contact description and other important data about the advertised product or service. Not only the ads take the users to the internal pages of Facebook but to other websites keeping descriptive information about company, products and services. E-commerce websites, content based websites and other websites delivering information display various banner ads and side bar ads for the promotion of products and services of companies whether they are online firms or offline firms as these are the most common categories of internet advertising. According to Ducoffe (1996), e-commerce websites can be described as websites that can be seen on internet for international customers, they are designed for broad range of customers and people can access them for the provision of services and products. Th e e-commerce websites provide the ordered or purchased products and services at the homes of consumers. Therefore, it can be said that for e-commerce websites, which are themselves based on internet processing, can make use of internet advertisements for their business promotion. Ducoffe (1996) explains that e-commerce websites have eased the process of shopping. These websites not only bring to light their marketing campaigns on their own websites but also on other websites. Content-based websites also display various categories of internet ads in the form of banner ads and side bar ads. These websites are designed for information deliverance purposes and are able to

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Tate Modern Art Gallery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Tate Modern Art Gallery - Essay Example The researcher of the essay "Tate Modern Art Gallery" gives a review of Tate Modern, London modern art gallery. In the year 1930, the responsibility was given to Sir Giles Gilber Scott. The power station got completed in two phases, with a 200m long brick clad steel structure having a 99m high central chimney. The height was kept a bit lower than the dome of St. Paul’s cathedral, situated on the other side of the river. The power station was made to order due to a power shortage back in 1947; but as the power pant was an oil-based one, it had huge emission of polluted gas in surrounding air. Apart from this, dumping of noxious chemicals in nearby grounds was a part and parcel of the plant operation. Due to gradually rising oil prices it seemed to be uneconomical to carry on with the power station. Finally in 1982, the power station was shut down. After that for several years, this power station was at jeopardy of being knocked down by the developers. A number of people campaig ned for the new usage of the unused building. In 1993, the knocking down process started with digging up a hole on the station wall. Then only BBC came up with a program called â€Å"One foot in the past† focusing on the imminent danger of the old building; a passionate appeal was given by Dan Cruikshank, the reporter in there. Later on in the year 1994, Tate Gallery announced that they are going to develop new house of Tate Modern in the Bankside Power station. At present this is one of the successful art galleries. ... In the eighteen century it was an important trade and industry sector. It was destroyed heavily during Second World War, but construction of Bankside bought a major change. Being an oil based power generating station, it resulted in different pollution related factors. The power station dumped harmful chemicals in the nearby ground that polluted the underground water and surrounding water bodies. The station had emitted different gases directly into the atmosphere without treating them properly for purification and filtration. These gases contain high concentration of carbon dioxide and several other toxic exhausts which deteriorated the environment around. When an international survey was conducted in 1962 by National Survey on Air Pollution, a high volume of smoke and sulphur dioxide was found to be present. The reasons behind such changes were pointed towards a decline in the consumption of coal and a growth in use of oil as a fuel. It was also found that the black smoke emitted b y diesel engines contain carbon mono oxide which is highly poisonous for the health of living being (The British Medical Journal, 1967). The oil based power generation station neglected many legal factors to keep the pollution level low and all these had resulted high pollution of land, water and air. It caused harm to both vegetation and animals of the nearby locality and turned to a major threat to the environment. Health and safety issues related to Tate Modern Bankside power station was in a closed state for many years, so when Tate Gallery decided to convert it in an art gallery there were many safety and health related issues that required to be handled with due importance. The air

Monday, October 14, 2019

Wernicke’s Area and Speech Production Essay Example for Free

Wernicke’s Area and Speech Production Essay Wernicke’s Area Wernickes area is the region of the brain where spoken language is understood. Neurologist Carl Wernicke is credited with discovering the function of this brain region. The Wernickes area is located on the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain and is responsible for the comprehension of speech (Brocas area is related to the production of speech). Language development or usage can be seriously impaired by damage to this area of the brain. Functions of Wernicke’s Area includes: ââ€"  Language Comprehension ââ€"  Semantic Processing ââ€"  Language Recognition ââ€"  Language Interpretation Speech Production Speech production is the process by which spoken words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics formulated and then finally are articulated by the motor system in the vocal apparatus.  The production of spoken language involves three major levels of processing. The first is the processes of conceptualization in which the intention to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed. Here the preverbal intended messages are formulated that specify the concepts to be verbally expressed. This is a competitive process in which an appropriate word is selected among a cohort of candidates. The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic form required for that words expression is created. This process involves such processes as the generation of a syntactic frame, and phonological encoding which specifies the phonetic form of the intended utterance. At this stage a lemma is picked that is the abstract form of a word that lacks any information about the sounds in it (and thus before the word can be pronounced). It contains information concerning only meaning and the relation of this word to others in the sentence. The third stage is articulation which involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics of a word and the motor coordination of appropriate phonation and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue, lips, jaw, and other parts of the vocal apparatus. 2.2 Wernicke’s Aphasia The brain also can be impaired. Suharno (1982) identified one of the brain disorder that causes language disorders, namely CVA (Cerebral Vascular Accident) which means to damage blood vessels in the brain, is an example of local brain damage, and damage spread that attacks the brain. One of the brain disorders is Wernicke’s aphasia. Aphasia is partial or total loss of the ability to articulate ideas or comprehend spoken or written language, resulting from damage to the brain caused by injury or disease.  Wernickes aphasia is a language disorder that impacts language comprehension and the production of meaningful language. The disorder is related to damage to the Wernickes area. Individuals with Wernickes aphasia have difficulties understanding spoken language but are able to produce sounds, phrases, and word sequences. While these utterances have the same rhythm as normal speech, they are not language because no information is conveyed. 2.3 Case Example According to YouTube that uploaded by squirtofmylife on Feb 20, 2012 which titled â€Å"Wernicke’s aphasia Interview with Amelia Carter. She had stroke and know she has aphasia. In this video shown that Amelia is difficult to understanding what the speaker say to her. First, when the questioner (while showing bottle, bell, ball,   hunger, and notebook) asked her â€Å"Amelia what is this?† she always gives answers that doesn’t match with what questioner shown. Second, the questioner said that she has to repeat what the questioner said, but she answers with different word. And the last test the questioner said â€Å"Amelia finished this song ‘Marry had a little lamb’† then she continues the song  Ã¢â‚¬Å"little lamb little lamb Marry had a little lamb its fleece was white as snow†. When she wants to answer the question she needs more times to understand the speech. Based on the analysis about speech production and the case about Amelia Carter, it passes the several process to do something that we can see from the model below. So, the process of speech is succeed. But, when the brain has a damage, especially in the part of producing language in the Wernicke’s area on the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain because it is responsible for the comprehension of speech, the process of speech production can be hampered. As the result, what is taken out can not match, what we thinking about is not appropriate with what we say. The example is the case of Amelia Carter, she had stroke and it strikes the part of producing language in her brain. She loss the abillity to understand language. She can speak clearly, but the words that are put together make no sense. This way of speaking has been called word salad because it appears that the words are all mixed up like the vegetables in a salad.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

The Anti-Placebo Effect? Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

The Anti-Placebo Effect? In my last web paper I struggled with the idea that Melatonin is supposed to make people sleepy. If anything I became more restless. Well, what is that all about? So, in this paper, I decided that I wanted to find out, what that was "about". If you pull it apart, you can tell that it has something to do with the preconceived ideas that we have running around in our heads. So then, I thought, well, that is the placebo effect right? If you think that something, such as a drug or supplement, is supposed to perform a certain way, then even if it is nothing more than a sugar pill some people will have a larger tendency to play out that reaction. This is not a conscious choice. From the little neurobiology background I have, I would venture a guess to say that the preconceived notion of what is supposed to happen acts a triggering signal that would create an change in the membrane permeability of the neuron. And that would in turn cause an action potential and be the beginning of some sort of effect. So to dissect it with my previous example, if we were, theoretically, under the assumption that these Melatonin supplements truly had no effect. The population at large would, through the media and other advertising schemes, be made to believe that this drug supplement would induce sleep. Therefore that notion would lead to changes in the nervous system that were brought about by these beliefs causing a placebo effect. But the heart of my question here is that does this idea work in the other direction? My hypothesis previous to my beginning my research was yes. Not only because the Melatonin did not work for me and family, but because of what we have been discussing in class. If the majority of the fun... ...asstidious approach takes an additive/subtractive approach for defining the boundary line of efficacy." (3) My point would be that your preconceived notions would either serve to enhance or inhibit these effects. Simple, eh? WWW Sources 1)The Powerful Placebo, http://www.press.jhu.edu/press/books/titles/f97/f97shpo.htm 2)The placebo effect, http://skepdic.com/placebo.html 3)Some Thoughts on Efficacy Beyong the Placebo Effect, http://acupuncture.com/Res Other sources to look at: 1. http://dem0nmac.mgh.harvard.edu/neurowebforum/G 2. http://www.temperance.com/nlp-talk/msg00340.html 3.http://www.hup.harvard.edu/S97Books/S97Reviews/placebo.effect.html 4. http://apa.org/releases/placebo.html 5. http://www.newscientist.com/ns/9 6. http://www.altmedicine.com/app/registeruser.cfm 7. http://wings.buffalo.edu/courses/sp99/

Saturday, October 12, 2019

The Universal Living Wage Essay -- Essays Papers

The Universal Living Wage In 1906 Father John Ryan, a renowned social and economic intellectual within the Catholic Church, published a book titled A Living Wage: Its Ethical and Economic Aspects. The book introduced to America workers the idea of a guaranteed minimum pay determined by the basic costs of living and set the stage for later minimum wage legislation during the 1930’s. Over the last decade, the idea of a living wage has resurfaced as workers have become more outspoken about the inadequacies of the federal and state minimum wage levels. Living wage legislation for government workers has taken effect in major U.S. cities such as Baltimore, Los Angeles, San Jose, Detroit, Boston, and many more. This paper will discuss the moral, social, and economic implications of instituting these laws as well as labor conditions around the world and the need for guaranteed living wages in countries such as India and Mexico. First of all, a clear definition of the living wage should be established. The Universal Living Wage Campaign Organization says that if a person works forty hours a week, a living wage should provide the worker and his/her dependents with proper nutrition, health care, housing, clothing, and transportation. Some debate has arisen around this definition though for a few reasons. First of all, the number of dependents the wage-earner must support has a huge impact on the calculation of the living wage. A wage-earner who only has to support himself can survive with a much lower wage than a wage-earner who must support a family of five for example, so how should legislation take this into account? If the idea of the living wage is to pay workers based on need, a law that provides a wage capable of supp... ...> - Clean Clothes Campaign. < http://www.cleanclothes.org/campaign/liwa99-11- 3.htm>. - â€Å"Universal Living Wage Effect on Business and Taxpayers†. http://www.nationalhomeless.org/ulwwhitepaper.html - Pritchard, Justin. â€Å"U.S. Study Concludes That 'Living Wage' Reduces Poverty†. < http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0314-03.htm >. 2002 - Coalition for Justice in the Maquiladoras. â€Å"New Study: Mexicans Unable to Live on Sweatshop Wages†. . 2001. - CFO â€Å"Protecting the Rights of Maquiladora Workers†. - Pritchard, Justin. â€Å"Study: Living Wage Laws Work†. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/03/14/national/main503712.shtml - http://www.epinet.org/issueguides/minwage/figure1.gif

Friday, October 11, 2019

Related Literature of Brand Preferences on Mobile Phones

How to resolve Conflict Conflicts may be solved using three simplified ways: 1. The win-lose method – The protagonist assumes an ether I lose or I win attitude. Explanation: the win-lose method is a kind of method in resolving a problem or case wherein, one party will have the possibility of winning the case or they will lose on the case. 2. The win some–lose some method – One party attempts to get the most of the other using the primary tactical work of bargaining. It is also called as â€Å"compromising stance†. Explanation: the win some-lose some method is a kind of method wherein one party is aggravate because he/she is compromise in a certain problem or case. For example I am a driver. And accidentally my car was bumped in a sari-sari store. The store-owner suggested that I will only pay the damages so that I will not be on jail. Because I am in a compromised position, I should pay the damages so that I will not be jailed.In my part I â€Å"win someà ¢â‚¬  because I will be not jailed anymore but â€Å"lose some† because, I’ve lose some money in paying the damages. 3. The win-win method – A process where both parties attempt to get the sources/causes of disagreement together in the hope of getting a solution that would together benefit them not only as individuals but also as organization. Explanation: the win-win method is to find a solution that is acceptable to both parties, and leaves both parties feeling that they’ve won, in some way, after the event.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

A Mini Vacation to Atlanta, Georgia Essay

Traveling is one of my family’s favorite things to do. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. Six Flags Over Georgia is a theme park containing anything from carnival foods to trilling rides. Six Flags provides many activities for all ages. It is not at all uncommon to see famous cartoon characters, such as Bugs Bunny, roaming around the park. Older children and adults who possess strong stomachs may enjoy riding the various roller coasters available. For example, The Batman, is my favorite. The Batman goes up and down steep hills and even loops upside down. My wife closes her eyes the whole time on this ride. Six Flags also has water rides available to keep people cool. My favorite is Thunder River and Hurricane Harbor. Last June, my family and I were lucky enough to get caught under the waterfall on Thunder River we were soaked which was good because we were hot. Six Flags also has games to play and many souvenir shops. As for the carnival foods I mentioned earlier, the funnel cakes are absolutely delicious. I would highly recommend Six Flags as a place to go when visiting the Atlanta area. Stone Mountain Park is another tourist attraction near Atlanta. We spend most of our time there when visiting Atlanta. Not only is it a fun place to visit, but it is also historical. The mountain is the largest exposed piece of granite in the world. The face of the mountain was carved by the same man who carved Mt. Rushmore; however, he did not finish it. The carving, which  is located on the top of the mountain, remained unfinished until it became a state park. There is a high wire car that takes visitors up to the top of the mountain or one can choice to hike up the mountain. The carving represents three key figures of the Confederacy riding their horses, which are Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, and Jefferson Davis. The width of the carving is the width of a football field. Along with historical museums, the park has campgrounds and horseback riding, a train that goes around the mountain. There are also these vehicles that go on land and water. These car/boat vehicles are called Ducks. When you ride this attraction you are given a whistle that sounds like a duck quack annoying but fun at the same time. My favorite activity, however, is the laser show. The laser show takes place on the face of the mountain followed by a firework show. During the fall there is a fall festival with a pumpkin patch. My wife has the most adorable pictures of my kids in this pumpkin patch. Last, but definitely not the least, is the Atlanta Aquarium. My family and I did not even know this was attraction when visiting in 2005, we just happen to be visiting the week it opened. The aquarium always has a variety of sea life to view. The aquarium’s animals are displayed in six different galleries: Georgia Explorer, Tropical Diver, Ocean Voyager, Cold Water Quest, River Scout, and Dolphin Tales. Each corresponds to a specific environment. The Georgia Explorer exhibit is geared especially towards children. Of course this is my children’s favorite place in the Aquarium. It features a number of touch tanks with searays and sharks as well as exhibits featuring sea turtles and the wildlife of coral reef. My family and I spend several hours in here petting the sea life. There is also a cafà © and souvenir shop. My daughter still has the big finding Nemo stuffed animal that we purchased on our first visit in 2005. In conclusion, there are many places to visit in Atlanta. The most exciting ones include Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. Each one offer various forms of fun for all ages. For instance, Six Flags offer kiddie rides as well as rides for the older children and adults. Stone Mountain Park offers horseback riding and laser shows. Lastly, the Atlanta Aquarium, offers great marine life and hands on educational attractions. Everyone should visit the city of Atlanta at least once, I know I have.

Chinese Cinderella Extended Response

The novel ‘Chinese Cinderella’ is an autobiography written by Adeline Yen Mah, describing her childhood and younger teenage years as an unwanted daugther. Unlike most children, Adeline had a difficult time growing up. All throughout her life she was bullied and looked down upon by most of her family. At a young age Adeline is constantly being left behind by her family, leaving her to feel like the unwanted daughter. Throughout the whole novel, Adeline is looked down at and is never acknowledged for her hard work â€Å"Nobody was there to pat my head or congratulate me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  page 17.Adeline’s Father, who is a wealthy businessman, has a small role in the book. This is because Niang seems to be the ‘head of house’. Whenever he is involved, he seems to not care, he is often forgetful or simply uninterested about her, admitting to Adeline â€Å"I have forgotten your Chinese name†¦ † page 140. Even by her siblings Adeline is abused or m istreated, â€Å"But then Mama died giving birth to you. If you had not been born, Mama would still be alive. She’ died because of you. â€Å"You are bad luck. † page 3. †¦He took my right arm under the table and gave it a quick hard twist. † page 10. Although Adeline tries her best to please her father and siblings she is continually being rejected by them. Adeline was looked down on and hated by her family, especially by Niang, who was the hardest to please, throughout Chinese Cinderella, it shows that Niang was never happy with Adeline â€Å"You don’t deserve to be housed and fed here. Girls like you should be sent away† page 113. Niang physically abuses Adeline by hitting her, kicking her, slapping her.Adeline is always left miserable, lonely and feeling helpless and afraid. One day, Adeline’s classmates had discreetly followed her home, hoping to give her a surprise party. Instead, they heard Niang beating and screaming at her, â⠂¬Å"Liar! You planned it, didn’t you, to show off our house to your penniless classmates. How dare you! † page 127. â€Å"I realised Niang’s blows must have caused a nosebleed, and that my face was probably smeared with a mixture of blood, mucus and tears†¦I felt naked and ghastly and vulnerable. † page 129.Niang continues abuse Adeline despite her doing nothing wrong she was unloved by Niang and alone with nobody there to support her. Adeline was different. Her family were the ones who put a label on her and her friends all realised that she was different. She is an unwanted daughter â€Å"†¦despised daughter publicly rejected by her parents. † page 133. Although Adeline is a smart girl going to expensive schools, she does not fit in very well with her classmates. This is because Adeline â€Å"†¦neither receives eggs or visits† â€Å"†¦rushing around in that infantile brown dress. page 194. In chapter 18 is shows that Ad eline hates being â€Å"the object of anyone’s charity or pity† Page 195. Even though it is clear Adeline and her classmates were never really on the same level of friendship. Back in the primary school in Shanghai, Adeline where tried hard to fit in with her classmates, She befriended Wu Chun-Mei who quickly became her best friend, the only one she had during primary. In conclusion all through Adeline’s life Niang shows multiple times through the book that Adeline is not a loved child in her family.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

What's in an X-ray Room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What's in an X-ray Room - Essay Example An X-ray table is equally important to position the patient according to the body part that needs to be radiographed. This is likewise important to put patients in the most comfortable position, especially those who are not mobile and could not stand or walk, while doing radiographic procedures. Finally, X-ray shields and gowns are â€Å"physical barriers designed to provide protection from the effects of ionizing radiation; also, the technology of providing such protection† (McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering, 2002, par. 1). As emphasized, it is crucial and important for the â€Å"protection of human life (which) is the goal of radiation shielding. In other instances, protection may be required for structural materials which would otherwise be exposed to high-intensity radiation, or for radiation-sensitive materials such as photographic film and certain electronic components† (McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering, 2002, par.

Tuesday, October 8, 2019

Green IT for Services Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Green IT for Services - Research Paper Example Description of these reasons is an important part of this paper. It contains the present situation of the process of making IT green. It talks about the Green IT products that are already on the market. Furthermore, it also talks about the major IT companies that are spending significant volume of resources in making IT green by developing Green IT products. In addition to these, this paper includes the future of Green IT. It can be predicted that over the next few years, a lot of efforts will be made in making IT greener and this will certainly change the outlook for the industry. Information Technology (IT), in the present global society, acts as the ‘central nervous system’ for the business organizations, governments as well as for the social infrastructures. Global communities are connected with each other by means of IT. Today business organizations are ‘Going Green’ as the societies have become more conscious about the environment which is under tremen dous pressure due to massive modernization, industrialization and irresponsible deforestation throughout the world over the past few decades. ... Uncontrolled consumption of electricity puts huge pressure on the financial capacity of an organization. Such practices actually make the entire system an unsustainable one (Baroudi et al, 2009). Furthermore, in order to meet the growing demand for electricity more power plants would be in need and this would ultimately threaten the environment. Hence, it is very important to make IT green. There is hardly any general definition of ‘Green IT’. According to Gary Hird, Green IT can be seen as the collection of tactical as well as strategic initiatives that directly trims down the organizations’ carbon footprint and/or that use information technologies for reducing carbon footprint and/or that incentivize the ‘greener behavior’ by the stakeholders of the organizations (Hird, 2008). During the last few years â €˜Green IT’ has been a popular subject of research for the organizations like IBM, Sun Microsystems, and Cisco etc. These large multinational IT firms have already started to develop products which are more energy efficient and environment-friendly. There are organizations like Green Grid that assists the global IT industry in addressing the issue of energy use (Baroudi et al, 2009). It is important to notice that IT has an inherent ‘Green aspect’. Information technologies deal with data which is a nonpolluting entity. They enable virtual client visits and virtual meetings which require relatively less energy. However, the volume of consumption varies with the nature of the industry. For instance, IT in case of airline industry consumes significantly more energy as compared to other industries (Baroudi et al, 2009).  Ã‚  

Sunday, October 6, 2019

Why is the U.S. health care market referred to as imperfect Article

Why is the U.S. health care market referred to as imperfect - Article Example This research will begin with the statement that the health care market of the United States is referred to as an imperfect since it does not cover all the people in the United States. Healthcare is a heterogeneous product where the product matters more than the product itself. People are willing to pay any price to access healthcare in the country.   This has created an opportunity for health providers to charge exorbitant prices for medical prices amidst inflated health insurance costs. Even the people who demand health care services are not the real users. While a perfect market is defined by the factors of demand and supply, this economic theory does not apply to the healthcare sector. The fact that third party players are paying for their direct market expenses makes it an imperfect market. On the contrary, the government should have set up a proper market that would oversee that all third party players in the U.S are included in the health care program. Healthcare initiative, in general, is a collaborative health promotion and disease promotion efforts with a vision of promoting a healthier nation. The vision set there in of achieving an integrated approach to healthcare delivery is highly achievable. It's comprehensively set objectives are aimed at improving the health of the citizens and eliminating health disparities over time, which expected to be effective over a decade. The fact that the initiative involves various players and does not leave the whole burden of medical provision to a single docket, the likelihood of the vision being achieved is high.

Saturday, October 5, 2019

Is Wind Power Green Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Is Wind Power Green - Research Paper Example On the other hand, fossil oil is not green. Fossil oil produces carbon monoxide (the motor vehicles’ intoxicating exhaust fumes). Fossil oil pollutes the earth’s atmosphere. Fossil oil suffocates the lungs of city residents. Fossil oil destroys life. Green power comes from several sources. First, solar energy comes from maximizing the suns’ energy. Solar panels can convert the sun’s energy to electrical energy. Second, geothermal energy, comes from hot springs. Another source of geothermal energy is the volcanic heat escaping the earth’s internal areas. Third, Ethanol energy comes from grain alcohol. Ethanol is extracted from corn, barley, sugarcane another sugar-based feedstock. Fourth, wind energy comes from windmills and tall free standing turbines. Historically, windmills have been used in Holland for generate energy. Also, the use of green wind energy creates eliminates the hazards and pollution of fossil fuel-based energy. Sidney Borowitz (199 9) emphasized â€Å"Fossil fuels are the remains of organic matter that, over hundreds of millions of years, have undergone substantial physical changes induced by pressure and chemical changes caused by the action of bacteria. The fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. They provide the United States with about 90 percent of the energy it uses. This energy was originally provided by the sun, which made it possible for the plants to grow.† In terms of wind energy, Borowitz (1999) reiterated â€Å"Fossil fuels are the remains of organic matter that, over hundreds of millions of years, have undergone substantial physical changes induced by pressure and chemical changes caused by the action of bacteria. The fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. They provide the United States with about 90 percent of the energy it uses. This energy was originally provided by the sun, which made it possible for the plants to grow†. Using coal will damage the earth’s envir onment. Borowitz (1999) insists coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on earth. Coal creates the biggest damage on the environment. Burning coal creates polluting smoke. The polluting smoke makes breathing difficult. The polluting smoke damages the Ozone layer. Wind energy reduces the air pollution trend in major cities of the United States. Judith Cherni (2002) states the concentration of industrial manufacturing plants’ exhausts immensely contributes to the atmosphere’s pollution. The air pollution significantly derails the average person’s health. Different air pollutant types exert different degrees of health damage to the people. The degree or concentration of the pollutants generates various effects on the average county resident. To reduce the current air pollution trends, the states’ air pollution policies must be effectively and deficiently revised and set into immediate motion. Likewise, a research conducted by Cornelis Van Kooten (2009) shows t hat the earth’s wind energy supplies potential research shows that the world’s wind energy supply potential influentially surpasses the world’s energy needs. However, only one percent of the world’s electricity need is presently supplied by the green wind power. The fact is true even though there is an almost fifty percent yearly growth in the wind producing capabilities over the past twenty five years. Almost 100 percent of the entire green wind energy had been

Friday, October 4, 2019

E-commerce Multiple Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

E-commerce Multiple Techniques - Essay Example The company sells merchandize through catalogs, its website, and close to 300 Lands End Shops at Sears and Inlet Stores. Thus, the retailer provides three convenient ways to shop; by phone, digitally and in person. Lands’ End has developed unique web sites that use local language and currency to service customers in Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, Sweden, France and Austria. For its Canadian clients, the company has specifically set up a website www.landsend.canada. Customers of Lands’ End have every reason to feel comfortable and confident about their purchases because the company adheres to a set of core values and business practices that are in the best interest of all stakeholders including customers and vendors. The company believes in the philosophy that what is best for its customers is also best for the company. This philosophy is ingrained in the minds of each of its employees across departments. It is for this reason that customer’s of Lands’ End get the privilege of unparalleled customer service. The company has set up a toll free, round the clock helpline (800.800.5800) where customers can call and order a product as well as get a resolution to any query that they may have. The helpline is accessible round the year and the competent customer service staff, which receives 70-80 hours of induction training at the time of being hired by the company, resolves every customer complaint. The company also strives to respond with a personal message within 4 hours to every e-mail that it receives. Should any customer need it, Lands’ End supplies swatches of fabrics free of charge. In the event of a customer losing an item, say a glove or a mitten, purchased from the Lands’ End, the company replaces the in-stock styles for half the pair price and ships it free of cost, much to the delight of the customer. Customers have the option to return items purchased from Lands’ End at any time either for a full refund of the purchase price or

Thursday, October 3, 2019

Maya Angelou Essay Example for Free

Maya Angelou Essay In Maya Angelou autobiography I know why the caged bird sings many themes and issues are looked at. This autobiography shows the difficulty of a black woman growing up surrounded by discrimination and poverty, but also shows her determination, joy and hope. Maya Angelou describes her relationship with many character, this in it self is a theme of her writing, the way she sees people in her own light. Some characters that may be seen to be good people are changed by Mayas opinion. A good example of this is the contrast between Mayas mother and Mayas fathers girlfriend. If both these characters were described, the fathers girlfriend maybe considers the better person. This is not the case after reading this book, as Maya has a way of making the reader see these characters as she sees them. After the separation of Maya Angelous parents she and her brother Bailey were sent away to live with her grandmother when Maya was only three. This must have been a terrible experience for a young child to go through, which some may think would have left Maya with resentment towards her mother. In fact this was quite the opposite. When Maya meet her mother again after she left her, Maya discarded the fact that she sent her away. She describes how as soon as she saw her mother, the nights she spent crying for her was forgotten. I knew immediately why she had sent me away. She was too beautiful to have children. (Maya Angelou, 1984, P58) This was Mayas way of justifying her mother actions. Even if it maybe considered a bad thing what her mother did, Maya still thought she was wonderful. Later on in this book Mayas mother did another bad thing. She shot someone twice, which again maybe considered a bad thing to do. Since she had intended to shoot him (notice: shoot, not kill) she had no reason to run away, so she shot him a second time. He had been shot, true, but in her fairness she had warned him. (Maya Angelou, 1984, pages 202 and 203) The language used when Maya describes this event show she thinks that this is not a major or bad thing that has happened. Maya again shows her mother as not a bad person even though what she has done is wrong. Mayas mother was also believed to be a prostitute; Maya believes this too but again discards the idea because she knew that if that were true then she wouldnt be able to live with her, which she wanted to. Even though Mayas mother could be considered a bad mother, Maya thinks extremely highly of her. This can be seen from the choice of lexis, Maya uses to describe her mother. Maya always used nice words such as beautiful, warm, glorious. Maya is also enthusiastic when talking about her mother. At one point Maya goes to stay with her father and his girlfriend. Maya believed that being her mother was so beautiful, any woman her father was with after her mother would have been just as beautiful if not more. This was the start of Mayas disappointment when meeting her stepmother. Maya disliked Dolores (her stepmother); you could tell this from the contrast in tones, from the happy tone when see talks about her mother to the dull and spiteful tone used when describing Dolores. If Dolores had been a little less aloof, a little more earthy She was mean and petty and full of pretense. (Maya Angelou, 1984, pages 222 and 223) Dolores theoretically was a good, honest person. She was a good, hardworking wife; she took Maya into her home and treated her well. Even though this, she is still seen as the bad one by the end of this part, from the way Maya talks about her. Maya uses mean words to describe Dolores, and is also sarcastic towards her when talking about her and their home. She was on close terms with her washing machine and ironing board. (Maya Angelou, 1984, P221) This shows one of the sarcastic phases used by Maya Angelou. It also shows that Maya was not the innocent party in her conflict with her stepmother. Maya went out of her way to irritate Dolores and to make her jealous of Maya relationship with her father. Dolores still comes of as the bad one at the end, after an argument with Maya. Maya tries to be nice to Dolores, but Dolores ends up calling Mayas mother a whore. Even though this is possibly true and Maya questions this, she still defends her mother. It is Maya that makes the first attack on Dolores; Maya justifies her behaviour, which leaves her looking the better person. What did she expect if she called my mother a whore? (Maya Angelou, 1984, P239) Another character who has an unexpected outcome is the dentist, Dr Lincoln. At one stage Maya, as a child was in a lot of pain with toothache. At the Maya was living with her grandmother in Stamps. The nearest Negro dentist to them was twenty-five miles away, which was too far for Maya to travel in such pain. As a result Mayas grandmother took her to a dentist near by that owed her a favour. Many would believe a dentist to be a respectable, good, reliable person. This was not the case of Dr Lincoln. He refused to help a child in pain, even though Mayas grandmother stopped him losing his business by lending him money. When speaking to Mayas grandmother, Dr Lincoln was very abrupt and rude to her. He did not even acknowledge Maya, or the fact her face was swollen and she was in pain. Id rather stick my hand in a dogs mouth than in a niggers'(Maya Angelou, 1984, P184) This was the harsh phase that Dr Lincoln used. This also shows discrimination and racism, another major theme in Maya Angelous autobiography. After Dr Lincoln refuses to help, Mayas grandmother follows him in his office. When she later describes what happened she says that Dr Lincoln and the nurse were as thick as thieves. This is a simile used to accentuate Dr Lincoln characteristics. From the way Maya Angelou has written her autobiography I know why the caged bird sings she has managed to successfully express peoples true characters. People that may be considered to have a good character such as Dr Lincoln have been shown for who they really are. This has been done by the choice of lexis and the tones that she has used to create different atmospheres when describing certain characters.

Understanding Fatigue and the Implications for Worker Safety

Understanding Fatigue and the Implications for Worker Safety Introduction Workplace safety requires a systematic approach that includes an understanding of risk factors and identification of hazards. Worker fatigue has been identified as a risk factor for both acute and cumulative injuries. Fatigue and incomplete recovery can lead to decreased capacity that can result in an increased risk of injury and a decline in work efficiency (Kumar 2001, de Looze, Bosch, and van Dieà «n 2009, Visser and van Dieà «n 2006). In addition, fatigue contributes to accidents, injuries and death (Williamson et al. 2011). Over $300 million in lost productivity time in US workplaces can be tied to fatigue. Significantly reducing the incidence of fatigue-induced workplace injuries and lost productivity depends on the accurate and timely detection of fatigue to allow for appropriate intervention. Although the term fatigue is commonly used, it has come to refer to many concepts in occupational safety and health. In order to manage and mitigate fatigue and the associated risks, it is essential to understand the different types and components. Fatigue is generally accepted as resulting in the impairment of capacity or performance as a result of work. However, fatigue is multidimensional, either acute or chronic, whole body or muscle level, physical or mental, central or peripheral. In addition, it includes a decline in objective performance, as well as perceptions of fatigue. Of added importance are the roles of sleep and circadian function. Each of these aspects of fatigue do not occur in isolation, but interact to modify worker capacity and injury risk. Both mental and physical fatigue can result in poor decision making, which may result in an acute injury (Williamson et al. 2011). The risk of injury is dependent on both the injury mechanism and the characteristics of the work being performed. Parameters of importance in the development of fatigue, and subsequent risk, include the length of time-on-task between breaks, work pace, and the timing of rest breaks (Williamson et al. 2011). Researchers have postulated that through delineation of the quantitative details of relevant variables, appropriate interventions and injury control can be developed (Kumar 2001). How to best quantify workplace conditions, particularly physical exposures experienced by the worker, remains an open research question (Kim and Nussbaum 2012). Current approaches to fatigue monitoring and detection often rely either on fitness-for-duty tests to determine whether the worker has sufficient capacity prior to start work, monitoring of sleep habits, or intrusive monitoring of brain activation (using electroencephalography (EEG)) (Balkin et al. 2011) or changes in local muscle fatigue (using electromyography (EMG)) (Dong, Ugaldey, and El Saddik 2014). While there is no single standard measurement of fatigue, there are numerous subjective measurement scales and objective measurement techniques that can be adapted for workplace use. Recent advances in wearable technologies also present an opportun ity for real-time and in-the-field assessment of fatigue development. Why should we care about fatigue? Fatigue in the workplace is often described as a multidimensional process, which results in a diminishing of worker performance. It results from prolonged activity, and is associated with psychological, socioeconomic and environmental factors (Barker and Nussbaum 2011, Yung 2016). From an occupational health and safety perspective, fatigue must be managed and controlled since it has significant short-term and long-term implications. In the short-term, fatigue can result in discomfort, diminished motor control, and reduced strength capacity (Bjà ¶rklund et al. 2000, Cà ´tà © et al. 2005, Huysmans et al. 2010). These effects might lead to reduced performance, lowered productivity, deficits in work quality, and increased incidence of accidents and human errors (Yung 2016). Fatigue can also result in longer term adverse health outcomes, including, e.g., chronic fatigue syndrome (Yung 2016) and reduced immune function (Kajimoto 2008). It can be seen as a precursor to work-related muscu loskeletal disorders (WMSDs) (Iridiastadi and Nussbaum 2006). These outcomes have been associated with future morbidity and mortality, work disability, occupational accidents, increased absenteeism, increased presenteeism, unemployment, reduced quality of life, and disruptive effects on social relationships and activities (Yung 2016). The safety impacts of fatigue are best evidenced in the transportation domain. In the U.S., an estimated 32,675 people died in motor vehicle crashes in 2014 (2015a). In 2013 there were 342,000 reported truck crashes that resulted in 3,964 fatalities and ~95,000 injuries (2015b). While these crashes often result from several factors, it is estimated that driver-related factors are the leading cause for 75-90% of fatal/injury-inducing crashes (Craye et al. 2015, Stanton and Salmon 2009, Medina et al. 2004, Lal and Craig 2001). The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that about 20% of all crashes are fatigue-related (Strohl et al. 1998) and 60% of fatal truck crashes can be attributed to the driver falling asleep while driving (Craye et al. 2015). Drowsy driving increases crash risk by 600% over normal driving (Klauer et al. 2006). For many years, a succinct definition of fatigue has been sought after (Aaronson et al. 1999). In our estimation, there is no simple and standard definition for fatigue. For example, our statement above: Fatigue in the workplace is often described as a multidimensional process, which results in a diminishing of worker performance, while true, is not sufficient to describe fatigue, since there are many other conditions that may result in a diminished workers performance (e.g., motivation). Perhaps, more importantly, there are several other factors that impact our ability to determine one standard definition: Workplace fatigue development mechanisms differ significantly according to the occupation type. For example, in manufacturing, the focus is typically on physical/muscle fatigue or related to the shift schedule, and in transportation drowsiness and sleepiness are often the root-causes for driver fatigue. Given the complexity of the human body, a single mechanism unlikely explains fatigue under all conditions, even for a single task and fatigue type (i.e. muscle fatigue) (Weir et al. 2006). No one definition can explain the complex interactions between biological processes, behavior, and psychological phenomena (Aaronson et al. 1999). It is unlikely that a single theory can be used to explain all observations of performance deterioration (Weir et al. 2006). Thus, we cannot provide a single definition of fatigue in this paper. Instead we refer the reader to Yung (2016, p.14) for a summary of multiple example fatigue definitions from various domains. Measuring and Quantifying Fatigue In this section, we divide how fatigue is measured according to cognitive and physical functions respectively. Talk about PVT and reaction time as the main standards for sleep-related fatigue There are several important cognitive characteristics that are typically assed in the context of fatigue. These include: a) arousal, b) alertness/ attention, c) cognitive control, d) motivation, and e) stress. Arousal is commonly measured in transportation safety studies since it aims at assessing sleep deprivation, an important root-cause for trucking crashes (especially at night) (Philip et al. 2005, Strohl et al. 1998). Measures of arousal include heart rate, electrodermal response (EDR), pupil dilation and self-report questionnaires (Yung 2016). Alertness and attention are important in translating sensory and work-related inputs into actionable items. They can be measured using gaze direction, EEG, validated scales, and questionnaires. The third characteristic, cognitive control, has to do with the time taken to process information, and thus, reaction time is perhaps the most commonly used measure for evaluating it. The fourth characteristic is perhaps the hardest to measure sinc e motivation cannot be assessed except through questionnaires and validated scales. Stress can be assessed through a number of measures which include heart rate variability, blood pressure and body postures (Yung 2016). The reader should note that the measures for quantifying mental fatigue include intrusive monitoring systems (e.g. EEG and blood pressure monitoring systems), non-intrusive measures (camera systems to detect gaze direction), and somewhat subjective measures (questionnaires and scales). Table 1 provides a summary of physiological and physical indicators of fatigue. Table 1: Typical Physiological and Physical Indicators of Fatigue Development Measurement Direction of Change with Fatigue Heart rate Increases with physical fatigue Heart rate variability Decreases with mental fatigue (for root-mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD)) Increased Low Frequency / High Frequency (LF/HF) power ratio Electromyography Decrease in mean power frequency Increase in root mean square amplitude Strength Decrease in maximum exertion Tremor Increase in physiological and postural tremor Pupil dilation Increases with mental fatigue and drowsiness Blink rate Increased percentage eyelid closure over the pupil, over time (PERCLOS) Reaction time Increased reaction time and lapses (using psychomotor vigilance task (PVT)) Performance Increase in errors and task completion time Force variability Increase in variability with physical fatigue Subjective assessment Increase in ratings of discomfort and fatigue On the physical side, electromyography is one of the most commonly used evaluation tools for muscle fatigue in a laboratory setting. The gold standard is to detect cellular and metabolic changes through blood sampling techniques (Garde, Hansen, and Jensen 2003). Since these approaches are intrusive, some researchers attempt to detect symptoms of physical fatigue. These symptoms include an impairment in postural control (Davidson, Madigan, and Nussbaum 2004), increased sway (Davidson, Madigan, and Nussbaum 2004), and joint angle variability (Madigan, Davidson, and Nussbaum 2006). Additional symptoms include an increase in exerted force variability (Svendson et al. 2010) and increased tremor (Lippold 1981). Note that these symptoms can be observed through the use of check sheets, visual inspection (manual and/or through cameras), and self-reported questionnaires among other tools. In our estimation, most methods described above are of limited use in practice since they are either invasive (and will be resisted by individuals/unions) or rely on visual inspection performed by an observer. Perhaps, more importantly, each observational and measurement technique also focuses primarily on one main risk factor, such as posture or force, or a combined set of factors but for a repetitive task, such as the NIOSH work practices guide (Waters et al. 1993). This fails to capture the interactive nature of many fatigue precursors as well as the variability of the work performed. In addition, these methods do not take into account the characteristics of the individual, beyond general anthropometric and demographic attributes, such as height and age. One important consideration is that the application of these methods in field studies and practice have also been limited by the question: can we detect if fatigue (or its symptoms) has occurred? Note that this question is binary with a yes/no answer. However, it is well understood that fatigue is a process that occurs as a function of loading, time and exertion and is not an end point. From a safety perspective, a more interesting question is: Can we predict when fatigue will occur for a given worker based on their schedule, environment and job tasks? If this can be done, then fatigue management will progress from a reactive state (equivalent of the personal protective equipment state in traditional hazard control theory) to higher/safer levels of engineering controls, substitution and/or perhaps elimination through modeling and scheduling. The increasing availability of pervasive sensing technologies, including wearable devices, combined with the digitization of health information has the potential to provide the necessary monitoring, recording, and communication of individuals physical and environmental exposures to address this question (Kim and Nussbaum 2012, Vignais et al. 2013). In the following section, we describe some of the research and commercially available products that are used for predicting/monitoring fatigue development. Predicting Fatigue Development Models for fatigue development are not new, but the existing models are often incomplete. Models for predicting/understanding how humans fatigue have received significant attention over the past few decades in the fields of aviation, driving, mining, and professional athletics. In the transportation areas (i.e. aviation and driving), the models originated from efforts to model the underlying relationships between sleep regulation and circadian dynamics (Dinges 2004). Dinges (2004) present a survey of the biomathematical models used in this area. There are also some surveys on driver fatigue detection models, see e.g. Wang et al. (2006). However, based on our interactions with one of the larger trucking companies in the U.S., these models do not offer answers to the following question: Given the massive data collected on each truck that include indirect indicators of fatigue, e.g. lane departures and hard brakes, and individual characteristics of each driver, can we predict how each driver will fatigue for a given assignment, traffic condition and weather profile? With the advent of big data, this is the direction that is needed for fatigue development in the trucking industry. One can make parallels for aviation and military applications. In mining, there are commercially available products that claim to predict fatigue among mine workers. The authors did not have the chance to test these products and thus, we cannot verify/validate these claims. However, if true, this system will be a significant contribution to mining safety. Based on the above discussion, there are several important observations to be made. First, there has not been much independent research verifying the claims made for any commercial products. Thus, practitioners should use them with caution and in tandem with their current safety methods. Second, there have been only limited attempts to perform inter-disciplinary research in fatigue development. Thus, the current approaches are domain-dependent and are often incomplete since they consider only a few precursors. There needs to be a systematic move towards utilizing big data analytics as a mechanism to harness the massive amounts of data that is being captured on our equipment, workers, etc. The research challenge is to ensure that we are asking the right questions prior to considering what the technology can (or cannot) provide. Third, it is somewhat inexplicable that the manufacturing safety community is significantly behind other safety domains. We believe that there is a significant opportunity for both researchers and practitioners in examining how other disciplines are managing fatigue. General Strategies for Fatigue Management and Mitigation There are several somewhat recent publications that detail how to manage physical and/or mental fatigue indicators (Hartley and Commission 2000, Caldwell, Caldwell, and Schmidt 2008, Williamson et al. 2011, Williamson and Friswell 2013). These studies have presented the typical hazard control recommendations, which include administrative and engineering controls that can reduce/mitigate the development of fatigue. Practitioners should also consult the documentation from Transport Canada on Developing and Implementing a Fatigue Risk Management System (https://www.tc.gc.ca/media/documents/ca-standards/14575e.pdf). Typical interventions include: rest (for physical fatigue), sleep (for alertness), modified work-rest schedules, and limits on the cumulative hours worked in a week (or shift changes). While these strategies are effective for population averages/overall, they do not address the weakest link in the workforce (i.e. those most likely to fatigue and/or get injured). We see much w ork needed in this area. Concluding Remarks In this paper, we have provided an overview of some of the current issues in fatigue detection/ management research and practice. Based on our review of the literature, we offer the following advice to safety professionals: Transportation Safety Professionals: There is a significant body of research that highlights the impact of lack of sleep (e.g. from sleep apnea and/or scheduling), night driving, weather (e.g. cloudy or rainy), and work-rest schedules on fatigue development. In general, less sleep, night driving, bad weather and frequent changes in the work-rest schedule are more detrimental to transportation safety. To mitigate these risks, the routing/scheduling can be modified to alleviate some of these precursors. In addition, wearable sensors and on-vehicle systems (e.g. lane departure and hard brake detection sensors) can provide real-time indicators of fatigue development in driving. The data from these sensors can be used through simple dashboards that provide the dispatcher with information on which drivers are at risk. The dispatcher can then force these drivers to rest if fatigued (and sleep in-cabin at a truck stop if necessary) since a short break/nap can help mitigate these effects. Manufacturing Safety Professionals: Fatigue has been shown to be a precursor to risky behaviors and long-term injuries. It is also associated with a diminished performance and, therefore, can result in significant quality problems. Based on our discussion with several safety managers from large automotive companies, we have learned that it is often easier to sell safety projects to upper management when it is combined with quality improvement initiatives. The rationale is simple to management since they can see a return on investment (ROI) on these projects when compared to a softer objective (reducing/eliminating the probability of a safety problem that has not occurred before). In addition, we challenge practitioners to categorize their at-risk populations (e.g. unexperienced workers, obese and/or elder workers, etc.). These workers cannot be modeled by existing ergonomics and safety models that consider an average worker. Thus, a dashboard and sensors that monitor their absenteeis m, quality of their work and/or complaints can be used to trigger appropriate interventions. Mining Safety Researchers: The technology with fatigue monitoring (and more general safety) in mining has evolved significantly over the past decade. There are several commercial products that allow for active monitoring, scheduling, and equipment safety checks. To our knowledge, at least one major equipment manufacturer has released a safety systems suite that incorporates all these data sources to present a clear picture of a workers fatigue and distraction risk. We did not test the validity of these claims and therefore, we ask safety practitioners to ask for system demos and ensure that this particular system meets their needs. A word of caution: fatigue detection systems do not mitigate and/or eliminate fatigue. In addition, we urge safety professionals to embrace the role of technology and its potential to redefine safety from a one system fits all to an individualized approach. 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